Peru holds one of the main concentrations of biodiversity in the world with a great diversity of landscapes attributed to its many different life zones. The Amazon rainforest covers 59% of the national territory. Yet tropical forests, irreplaceable for their role in supporting the conservation of terrestrial biodiversity, are extremely vulnerable to destruction and degradation (Ngo Bieng et al., 2022). The Alto Mayo basin, located in the north of the department of San Martín, covers an area of 794 030 ha and constitutes the totality of the provinces of Moyobamba and Rioja (IIAP and PEAM, 2007). 74.6% of its territory consists of highlands, made up of slopes and hilltops (or high hills), of very rugged and abrupt topography; the remainder corresponds to medium (4.3%) and low (21.1%) elevation lands (ONERN and FAO, 1968). The dynamic action of the Mayo river and its tributaries has developed relatively flat to undulating reliefs in some sectors, located in the central part of the basin. (IIAP and PEAM, 2007). The prevailing climate is lightly to moderately humid and semi-warm, without any water deficiency. Due to its abrupt topography and annual rainfall, runoff occurs throughout the year in the form of streams and rivers of continuous flow regimes (ONERN and FAO, 1968). The study area, Alto Mayo, covers an area of 657,160 hectares. Of these, 275,164 hectares are under agricultural use, representing 42% of the total area (MIDAGRI, 2021). Its main agricultural crop is coffee (Rojas-Ruiz et al., 2020), which is grown in shade, in agroforestry systems. However, this commodity is susceptible to fluctuations in international prices as well as agricultural epidemics such as coffee rust in 2012. Price volatility or pests can mean the abandonment of the crop or the expansion of the coffee area, at the expense of forests. Due to its strategic position in the basin and its highly rugged topography, in 1987 the Alto Mayo Protection Forest (Spanish acronym: BPAM) was created, located in the districts of Yorongos, Rioja, Elías Soplín Vargas, Nuevo Cajamarca and Pardo Miguel in the province of Rioja, and the district of Moyobamba in the province of Moyobamba of the department of San Martín (SERNANP, 2019). The BPAM consists of 182,000 hectares, which represents almost 28% of the total area of Alto Mayo (MIDAGRI, 2019). Although there is a protection zone in the upper part of the Alto Mayo basin, agriculture may appear as a silent driver of deforestation or forest degradation in this area. The loss of natural habitats and their fragmentation as a result of the anthropization of landscapes is one of the principal threats to biodiversity (Laforge, 2020). The decline of biodiversity in the tropics requires the implementation of comprehensive landscape management in which agricultural systems are necessarily a fundamental element of biodiversity conservation (Ngo Bieng et al., 2022).Peru’s Alto Mayo landscape is known for its biodiversity, natural beauty and as a source of resources for local communities. However, the landscape faces several risks and threats that jeopardize its long-term sustainability. One of the greatest threats facing the Alto Mayo landscape is climate change. Rising temperatures and unpredictable rainfall variability are affecting ecosystems, crops and wildlife. In addition, the frequency and intensity of extreme weather events, such as floods and landslides, are increasing, which can affect local communities and their infrastructure. Other physical and geological threats include soil deforestation, erosion, and biodiversity loss. The Alto Mayo Protection Forest (BPMA in Spanish) contains endemic and threatened species, in addition to new ones that have been discovered for the benefits of science. Its deforestation has decreased the natural habitat of flora and fauna, affecting their populations. And soil erosion and biodiversity loss also adversely affect soil quality and the landscape's ability to absorb and store water. In addition to physical threats, Alto Mayo's landscape also faces social challenges, such as poverty, migration, and population growth. These challenges can affect the management of natural resources and increase pressure on the landscape. There are also challenges in governance, including lack of coordination between different actors and corruption. Changes in market characteristics, demand, incentives, and in See More